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The Grodno Governorate, (Russian: Гро́дненская губе́рнiя, Polish: gubernia grodzieńska,Belarusian: Гродзенская губерня, Lithuanian: Gardino gubernija) was a governorate (guberniya) of the Russian Empire.
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Grodno: a western province or government of Europe lying between 52 and 54 N lat 23 and E long and bounded N by Vilna E by Minsk S Volhynia and W by the former kingdom of Poland 14,961 square miles (38,750 km2) The country was a wide plain in parts very swampy and covered with large pine. Of these that of Bieloviecza in the district of comprising a circuit of over 100 miles (160 km) deserves notice. There bisons were preserved. The navigable rivers are Niemen, Bug, Narev, and Bobra. There were also canals among which those of Augustow and Oginsky. The most important The soil being chiefly alluvial intermixed with sand waws favorable for agriculture anil rearing of cattle and bees. The atmosphere is damp misty and the climate in winter is cold. Large of rye, barley, oats, hops, hemp and flax were raised but amount of fruit and vegetables grown was small. The products were insignificant. The manufactures of woollen cloths, hats, leather, paper and spirits. There also a good export trade in grain, wool, cattle. Some forty fairs were held annually in the province.
It was divided into nine districts, viz. Grodno, Brest, Bielsk, Volkovysk, Kobryn, Prushana, Slonin and Bialystok. The administration of the whole province was in the governor appointed by the crown. In 1870 the population was 1,008,521 comprising Lithuanians, Poles, Tartars, and a few German colonists. Grodno's capital was Bame, on the right bank of the Niemen in 53 40 N lat 23 E long, and was connected by railway with Moscow and Warsaw. It contained eight Roman Catholic, one Eastern and two United Greek Catholic churches, a chapel, and two Jewish synagogues. The office is a splendid edifice. There were two fine erected respectively by Stephen Batory who died here 1586 and Augustus III (kings of Poland). Among other buildings were a public library, a school of a gymnasium, and several seminaries. The 24,789 were engaged in the manufacture of woollen hats, paper, and the preparation of wax. Three fairs were held annually.
Grodno was built in the 12th century and at the commencement of the 13th it was annexed to Poland. The diet held there in 1793 ratified the partition of Poland. Two years later Stanislaus, the last king, signed his abdication there.[1]
The seat was in Grodno. It divided into 9 Uyzeds (Provinces):[2]
The governorate was formed in 1796, in the aftermath of the final partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and originally known as Slonim Governorate, but that only existed until December 12, 1796, when Paul I merged it with Vilna Governorate to form Lithuania Governorate.[2]
The Slonim Governorate had 8 provinces:
After Paul's death, Alexander I reversed the administrative changes introduced by his predecessor. Lithuanian Governorate was abolished and divided back into Lithuania-Vilna Governorate and Lithuania-Grodno Governorates on September 9, 1801. The Lithuania-Grodno Governorate was restored within the borders of 1796 Slonim Governorate.[2]
The Lithuania-Grodno Governorate had 8 provinces:
In 1843 name Lithuania was dropped. It was also known as the Government of Grodno.
In 1842 the Belostok Oblast was incorporated into it.[2]
The Lithuania-Grodno Governorate had 11 provinces:
From 1870–1912, the Grodno Governorate along with the Vilna Governorate and the Kovno Governorate were constituted as the Governor-General of Lithuania with its seat in Vilna.[2]
The Grodno Governorate was occupied by Germany in 1915 during World War I. It was known as the Bialystok-Grodno District
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